Cardiac surgery may be considered during pregnancy when conservative and medical therapy has failed, and in situations that threaten the mother’s life or that are not amenable to percutaneous treatment. Guideline rec
Educational summary of the 2025 ESC Guidelines. It does not replace clinical judgement or local protocol.
Pending physician review: this page has not yet been signed off by a named reviewer. · Reviewer: — (placeholder) · Reviewed: — · Content version 0.1.0-draft · 2025 ESC Guidelines (Eur Heart J 2025;46:4462–4568)